MingDynasty
1368- 1644
The territory of the Ming Dynasty in 1415
General Information Status Monarchy Capital Nanjing and Beijing Language Chinese Demography Population 1393 60540812 History and events 1368 Togoontomor is filed by Zhu Yuanzhang : beginning of the Ming Dynasty 1393 Grand census 1405 – 1433 Shipments of Zheng He 1449 Defeat of Tumu against solar panels the Oirat 1618 Beginning of denver injury lawyer the conquest by the Manchus and the Mongols 25 April 1644 Li Zicheng took the capital end of the dynasty Emperors ( 1 st ) 1368 – 1398 Ming Hongwu (D st ) 1627 – 1644 Ming Chongzhen Previous entities: Yuan Dynasty Following entities: Qing Dynasty Shun Dynasty Southern Ming The Ming Dynasty (明朝1 , in pinyin : míng chao ), is a Discount Judaica products line of emperors who ruled the China of 1368 , when it replaced the Yuan Dynasty in 1644 when she sees herself supplanted by the Qing . By metonymy , the term also refers to the duration of the reign of the latter. Founded by the family of Zhu , it has sixteen emperors . In the middle of xiv th century , after almost a century (89 years) domination of Mongolia under the Yuan , the Chinese population rebels against the Storage Bins “tyrannical rule of the foreigners.” A series of peasant revolts pushes the Yuan Dynasty in the steppes of Mongolia and established the Ming dynasty in 1368 . It opens with a cultural renaissance: the arts, especially the industry of china , grow like never before. With the protection of the dynasty for more than two centuries of rule, the culture of the Han people is restored and flourishes, which avoids the oblivion of traditions and cultural decadence that was the fate of other great cultures of the Phen375 Review world as the Hellenistic civilization and the Egyptian civilization , disappeared after the invasion. Chinese merchants exploring and trading across the Indian Ocean , reaching the Africa trips at Zheng He , we built a large fleet of four ships masts tonnage exceeds 1500 tons . The regular army of one million men, more than 100,000 tons of iron are produced annually in North China, and many books are printed using movable type invented in the xi th century . It has been said [who?] that China’s early Ming era was the most advanced country on Earth. iPhone Unlock Summary [ hide ] A foundation of the dynasty 2 The administration of the empire 2.1 Judges 2.2 The Eunuchs 3 The time for reform 3.1 Administration 3.2 The organization of the army 3.3 The 1393 Census 4 The Mongol threat 5 From the Ming exploration to isolation of 6 The decline of the Ming, the aborted commercial revolution 7 End of the Ming Dynasty 8 A Confucian State 9 Notes and references 10 See also 10.1 Related Founding of the dynasty
From the middle of the xiv th century , many natural disasters followed by peasant rebellions, civil war against the Mongol rule, and the conversion of rulers in a Chinese way of life had weakened the dynasty Yuan and finally drove the Mongols out of China , to what is nowadays Mongolia . The leader of this rebellion was played by Zhu Yuanzhang. Orphaned as a teenager, Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋), future Emperor Hongwu (洪武), entered a monastery Buddhist to avoid starvation, after which he was forced to join the army in 1352 Zixiang Guo and became a leader the Red Turbans , a large rebel movement, some leaders were members of the White Lotus . Later, he became a rebel leader determined, he made the acquaintance of a Confucian scholar who taught him the affairs of state. He web hosting then redefined as Storage Containers a defender of locksmiths Confucianism and Neo-Confucian conventions and not merely as a popular rebel
leader. Despite its humble origins, he became the figurehead of the patriotic movement of the people against the Han Dynasty of aging Yuan . Once defeated his rivals, he proclaimed himself Emperor January 23 1368 , establishing its capital in Nanjing that he had named Yingtianfu (应天府), and adopting Hongwu as the name of reign. The popular tradition is that he chose the name of his dynasty Ming , “light” to continue to enjoy the popular support of the masses to “King of Light” by awaited savior in religious movements inspired Manichean supporting rebellion. He became more than 1000 years apart the second dynastic founder extract class peasant , the first being Emperor Gao Zu of the Han Dynasty , more than a millennium ago. Because the invading Mongols , even repelled, remained very present danger, Hongwu did not adopt the classical Confucian who saw the military as a lower class bureaucrats who should control them. Maintain a strong army was simply indispensable as the Mongols were still a threat. The name “ Hongwu “also means” vast army “and reflects the expanded military prestige. By cons, he fully shared the Confucian aversion to trade and encouraged the establishment of independent farming communities. Management feudalized land that had taken place under the dynasties Song and Yuan was removed from the establishment of the new dynasty. Large estates were confiscated by the government, fragmented and leased the slavery was banned private. Therefore, after the death of Emperor Yongle (Yung-lo), the small peasant proprietors and independent formed the major part of the farming population.
Statue of Emperor Yongle, 3 e of the Ming Dynasty The administration of the empire
Hongwu was able to strengthen its control over all aspects of government that no one can have enough power to dethrone him. To counter external threats, he tried to improve the defenses of the country’s northern borders. Inside, he concentrated more power in his own hands. He abolished the Imperial Secretariat, ppi reclaim which was the main administration under the previous dynasties, after quashing a plot which he accused his prime minister. Very long ago, when the status of emperor became Relevant Life Insurance hereditary, the post of prime minister had been established in order to ensure a level of continuity and competence in the government in case of incompetent emperors succeeded one another. But Hongwu, seeking an absolute authority, abolished the post and removed and the only protection against the incompetence of an emperor. His grand-son Jianwen succeeded him, but the throne was soon usurped by his uncle Zhu Di , the son of Hongwu, who ruled then by the name of Emperor Yongle (Yung-lo) from 1402 to 1424 . Judges During the reign of Hongwu , the Mongol bureaucrats and from non-Han ethnic groups, which had dominated the government for nearly a century, were replaced by Chinese . It restores and renews the traditional system of imperial examinations , which selected the officials according to their merit and electronic cigarette their knowledge of literature and philosophy. Candidates for positions in civilian official or military officer would take on the traditional knowledge of competitive Chinese classics , with tests of archery auctions online and horseback riding for military officers. The Confucian elite, marginalized under the reign 
of the Mongols, continued his dominant role in the State . They are then the highest class of society. The army officers were supposed to occupy a higher rank than their civilian counterparts. In fact, although almost all the officers had titles of nobility, the situation was quite opposite. In Ming China, the function is associated with land ownership, but the elite military and civilian high by Ming also has great political importance. A function in the administration represented a Chinese XV th century, a dignity, wealth and high status in the social hierarchy. This is a true democratization of social privileges, a true meritocracy as the magistrates of the Middle Kingdom were supposed to be chosen for their skills and moral virtue. The examinations were open to all Chinese males, the studies were cheap and the government attributed scholarships 2 . The entrance of the imperial administration was a written examination which took place every three years, and every five years for military judges and consists of essays, poems, questions from four pounds (Lunyu , Mencius, etc..) questions about the Confucian classics, memoirs on comments Neo-Confucianism as well as essays on administrative problems. Other support could then be passed to move up the administration. It was necessary to spend three pre-selection contest in which the third gave the official as a student of the empire, the first degrees of the elite. The winner was then allowed to pass the provincial competition, which offered from 60 to 70 seats for more than 8000 students. The winners could apply to the highest offices of the judiciary. Those who failed could still claim a more modest role in the administration. Those students who had passed the provincial exams could successfully enter the contest in the capital and that of the palace to become a doctor 3 . It was nevertheless possible to the wealthy to buy the support of Chang Yuan to enter the how to start affiliate marketing public service. Graduates were admired and became role models for the people to stand out they wore a button on their hats, silver, gold or pearl and ruby after the contest and could wear the yellow color traditionally reserved for the emperor. In addition, they prevail and could not be insulted without the guilty n’écope seventy sticks. They could not be called as witnesses in a trial and were free to appear in person or not the court. They were exempt from punishment and public chores and all personal taxes, not including gifts in kind they enjoyed. This privileged elite represented about 3% of the population. Military officers were more likely (about 100,000 at the end of the dynasty). Those who were chosen by the emperor to ensure public service a year spent in observation and then entered into a hierarchy with nine grades, each with two degrees, rising an average of one grade every three years. This class was under the supervision of the eunuchs, who were carrying out surprise inspections. Every three years the authorities decided to replace some magistrates, judges greedy, too old, sick, lazy, cruel or incapable were poorly recorded and often punished. The others could receive honorary offices. The eunuchs They were the agents of the emperor, intelligence agents and enforcement of imperial orders. Since the Han, they rival the power of judges. There were 70,000 eunuchs to the palace and 100 000 others spread throughout the empire. Volunteers, they were from poor families: peasants, soldiers or vagabonds. They were organized into four offices and eight office, they passed the orders, advised the Emperor and his Ministers and the Dragon in the empire. They were also responsible for the political police could investigate everyone, to bring charges against anyone and the Emperor aware of any case. They watched the Imperial Guard, prisons, military campaigns in the magistrates and the people, controlled the treasury of the state and manufacturing. They then enjoyed a free labor and more personal areas Imperial they had. Many players have the ability to edit the edicts: their political power was very important and a factor of social mobility. The time for reform
Administration In 1426 the emperor created a special school for the eunuchs. Having noted the negative STD Test role had been played by the eunuchs at the court of Song , Yongle takes numerous measures against them: it greatly reduces their number, shall possess the documents, insists that they remain illiterate and eliminates those interfere in the affairs of the state. Aversion is represented by a plaque in his palace saying: “Eunuchs must have nothing to do with the administration. “From the reign of his successor, however, they began to regain some influence. The power thus became increasingly autocratic, although Hongwu was obliged to continue to use what he called the “Grand Secretaries” to assist with the immense paperwork of the bureaucracy, which included requests (petitions and recommendations for the throne), imperial edicts in reply, reports of various kinds, and tax records. The administration is in a period of reforms in the years 1450-1550. During the reigns of Chenghua and Hongzhi , there is a desire to institutionalize administrative practices such as performance appraisal, the procedures governing the submission of briefs to the throne, according to critics (to oversee the work of their colleagues) . The court itself is codified; institutions such as the imperial audience, sessions to explain the Classics to the emperor, the principles of taxation are also in the second half of the xv th century . Administrative law is met in Da Ming Huidian ( Collection of laws ), published for the first time in 1503 . The Cell Phone Accessories military gave way 
to a civilian bureaucracy: the appointment on merit disappears in favor of system support , and jinshi (doctors) dominate the administration at the end of the xv th century and beginning of the xvi th century . The provincial administration also knows the rise of civil servants with xunfu (governors) and zongdu (Governor General) whose function temporary departure institutionalized. The role of “Grand Secretary” in the government becomes dominant from the 1520s until the xvi th century . The development of factions from the reign of Jiajing also leads to more rapid turnover of the high administrative burden 4 . Education is also slowly transformed: the Imperial College declines (particularly because of the sale of shares of students from the middle of the xv th century ) and the quality of local public schools for the benefit of private academies ( shuyuan ) that develop xvi th century, and private tutors. The organization of the army
The empire at the time of Yongle In the census of 1393 Chrome Wire Shelving , under hcg the command of five marshals and commanders of seventeen regions, 329 garrison of about 6000 men camped in the Empire. The number includes 2,747 officers, 206,280 soldiers and 4751 horses casino in the capital and 12,742 officers, 992,154 soldiers and 40,329 horses in the country. To ensure a stable of hosts, the Hongwu emperor decreed that the function of a soldier is hereditary. Everyone gets a piece of land to support himself, he works for 70% of his time, the rest for training in garrison. This system allows to cultivate virgin lands, but shows its limitations from the xv th century , the soldiers sold their fields, migrate, engage in civil activities. The State has to 1450-1550 growing appeal to the militia, then mercenaries. Service in the local militia ( minbing , civilian troops) becomes mandatory from 1494 under the chore. But the militias are rapidly failing, and the service is everywhere replaced by the payment of tax. The mercenaries, better paid, are the elite troops, such as soldier-monks of the Shaolin Monastery . The census of 1393 The era began in the reign of Ming Emperor first are characterized by rapid growth and remarkable of the population, largely due to agricultural reforms driven Hongwu and increased food resources. At the end of the dynasty, the population had probably increased by more than half due to the significant improvement of agricultural techniques supported by hcg diet plan a state land from a pro-Confucian peasant rebellion. To get the maximum benefit of economic and human resources of his empire, Hongwu did identify the population and establish the cadastre of each municipality, which had not been done for six centuries. Records recensèrent 8,057,623 hectares of irrigated land throughout the country. The state gets under the tax 4.7 million bushels of wheat and 24.7 million scrabble word finder bushels of rice , 50% more than before the establishment of cadastres. To identify the population, it is divided according to the system of li and jia . A li includes one hundred families, the head of which is called the ten richest landowners, each exercising control over ten families, which constitute the jia . They have administrative responsibility and allocate the fees between each family. Each year a group of ten families is subject to the chore due to the state, free of charge to participating community service. Local officials call records updated every ten years. Almost all of the population is under house arrest and must have a special pass to get away with more than 50 km from his home. In the census, each subject, except officials and religious must register in one of four categories: farmers, intellectuals, artisans and merchants and must regularly report its activities to the administration. In 1393 , there are 16,520,680 families, or a total population of 60,540,812 persons 5 . The Mongol threat
Even after their victory over the Ming emperors Genghiskhanides never ceased to take seriously the Mongol threat. Hong Wu after his victory over the Yuan will continue to push north to Karakorum . Yongle launched several campaigns against them, and moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing in 1421 to help contain them. After the Chinese defeat of Tumu against the Oirat in 1449 , the empire falls back on himself, but takes advantage of divisions among the Mongols. At the end of the xv th century , the Mongols launched annual raids on the border. Beijing, protected by the fortresses of Xuanfu and Datong , is constantly threatened. With the reunification of the Eastern Mongols by Dayan Khan , in 1500, the threat is more accurate. The Ming court is divided between two strategies: the supporters of a political offensive want to organize military expeditions to recover the loop including the Ordos and others want to strengthen the Great Wall and the doubling of the rampart, which is made in the year 1570 . The latter also advocate sending embassies and the opening of border markets to trade journals with the Mongols. The debate will resume after the resumption of the raids conducted by the Eastern Mongols Altan Khan , notably in 1529 , 1530 and 1542 . In 1550 he looted and burned the suburbs of Beijing . In 1553 , it was decided to build walls around Beijing, but the raids Altan last until peace agreements and trade in 1570 6 . Ming exploration to isolation
Diagram navigation Zheng He between Hormuz and Calicut , 1430 Xenophobia and intellectual introspection characteristic of the new neo- Confucian , more and more popular in the Ming Dynasty, led not only physical isolation of China. Contact with the outside world, especially with Japan , and foreign trade increased considerably. Yongle tried to extend China’s influence beyond its borders by encouraging other rulers to send ambassadors to China to pay tribute. The Chinese armies reconquered Annam and blocked Mongol expansionism, while the Chinese fleet sailed the China seas and the Indian Ocean, up the east coast of Africa . The Chinese had some influence on the Turkestan . Asian maritime nations missionnèrent envoys with tribute for the Chinese emperor. Internally, the Grand Canal was extended even to its remotest limits and stimulated internal trade. However the most extraordinary adventure of this period was the adventure of the seven expeditions Zheng He , who crossed the Indian Ocean and the islands of Southeast Asia. Eunuch Muslim ambitious descendant of the Mongols, as foreign as possible to the elite Confucian mandarins, Zheng He led seven maritime expeditions of 1405 to 1433 , six of them under the auspices of Yongle . These expeditions explored wedding ring the South Seas, across the Indian Ocean and passed perhaps the Cape of Good Hope , and according to the hypothesis of 1421 , the Americas . The convocation of 1403 to lead a force of troops in distant seas was a triumph for business groups seeking to stimulate conventional trade, not the commercialism . The interests of the lobbies were related commercial and religious. The offensive of the neo-Confucian intelligentsia and religious lobbies encouraged trade San Diego Homes For Rent and exploration to divert state funds from the anti-clerical of Confucian scholars. The first expedition in 1405 consisted of 62 ships and 28,000 men, was then the largest naval expedition in the history of China. Ships with multiple decks of Zheng He carried more than 500 troops but also cargoes of export goods, mainly silk and porcelain , and brought back foreign luxuries such as spices and wood tropical. The economic reasons for these large companies had been important and many of these ships had large private cabins for merchants but the main purpose was probably political. Indeed, China wanted the taxes of other states to mark the revival of the Middle Kingdom after a century of barbarian rule. The political nature of the voyages of Cheng Ho indicated the dominance of political elites. Despite their formidable powers and unprecedented expeditions of Zheng He, unlike the European expeditions xv th century , were not intended to extend the sovereignty of China beyond the seas. Evidence of competition between elites, these excursions have also become politically criticized. The voyages of Zheng spa covers He are supported by other eunuchs but severely criticized by Confucian officials. Aversion was so strong that they tried to remove all references to his travels in the imperial official reports. The Mongol raids were tipped the scales in favor of civil servants. At the end of the xv th century , the laws forbade the Chinese to build ships or boat to leave the country. Historians now agree that this measure was taken to counter piracy . In any case, these restrictions on emigration and ship building were largely lifted in the middle of the xvii th century . 
Historians of the 1960s as John Fairbank and Joseph Levinson think this renovation led to stagnation and science and philosophy were trapped in the traditions, stifling any further attempt. These historians rely on the fact that in xv th century , the imperial decrees reduced the magnificent fleet, forbade the construction of boats can go at sea Denver Divorce Lawyer and on the finding of a declining steel industry. The decline of the Ming, the aborted commercial revolution
Map of the Empire of cash advance online the Ming Dynasty in 1580, the decline in
Ming Tombs. The combination suspension lift kits of long wars with the Mongols , the Japanese incursions in Korea , provocations of the Japanese fleet in the coastal cities during denver martial arts the xvii th life insurance quote century weakened the dynasty, who is overthrown by the Qing Dynasty . Historians wonder about the reasons for the slower growth of capitalism and the industrialization in China over the Europe . Indeed, at the end of the Ming era, the conditions for development of chicago dui attorney “incipient capitalism” pay day loans in China, is very similar to those of the West. Recent economic historians such as Kenneth Pomeranz believe that economic and technological conditions vps hosting are equivalent to the year 1750 , but the discrepancy can be explained by the conditions of access to natural resources different. The heart of the debate remains in the contrasts of economic and political systems of East and West. If one accepts that the economic changes are the cause of social change, which also has political consequences, we understand better why the development of capitalism , an economic system that makes working capital to produce more capital, was a driving force for modern Europe. We can distinguish several payday loan stages in the history of Western capitalism. Commercial capitalism is the first step and is associated with historical phenomena found during the Ming: the geographical discoveries and free government money colonization , the innovation science and development of commercial intercontinental shipping. But in Europe , governments protect the middle class emerging, mostly composed of merchants, via state control, subsidies and monopoly agreements, such as those granted to the British East India Company . Governments absolutists this period are all for development of the merchant bourgeoisie to enrich the State . The slowdown of this development is all the more surprising when one considers the existence during the last century of the Ming dynasty a genuine money economy coupled with the emergence of large industrial and commercial, public and private, such that the major textile centers of roadrage the southwest. This question is at the heart of debates about the relative decline of China in comparison with the modern West, at least until the coming of Maoism . In the year 1970 , the Chinese Marxist historians identify the Ming era like that of a nascent capitalism, shy, which does not explain the decline of trade and the influence exerted by the state regulation on trade during this time. These historians believe that the setback was increased by conquest Manchu and the expansion of imperialism in Europe, particularly in the wake of the Opium Wars . The school post-modern China considers this theory as simplistic if not erroneous. These historians, which include Jonathan Spence , Kenneth Pomeranz , and Joanna Waley-Cohen deny that China is bent on itself at this time highlighting the increasing volume of trade between China and ‘ South-East Asia . The ban on high seas, who had intended to limit piracy, was decided in the middle of the era at the urging of the administration which emphasized its negative impact on the coastal trade. When the Portuguese landed in India , they found a sales network expanding to China they followed. Then the xvi th century , Europeans made their appearance on the eastern shores and create the first trading post in China, Europe, Macao . Other historians usually link the premature development of mercantilism and industrialization of the Western model to the decline of the Ming Dynasty. The role of the state in the braking of the trade is the theme that focuses much of the debate. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, Hongwu is more interested in the revenue that the state can draw from agriculture and trade. Little understanding of economic processes, and led by the bourgeoisie follower of Confucius , Hongwu accepted the Confucian viewpoint that merchants are only parasites. The Confucianism argues that wealth must be drawn from the agriculture and non-trade which is a shame. This view could be more easily accepted by Hongwu due to its peasant origins. Therefore, during the Ming era, the emphasis is on Bankruptcy the earth. On the contrary, the dynasty Song that preceded the Mongols , drew best auto insurance its income from commercial and trade. The laws governing trading and restrictions on the work of artisans remain essentially the same as in the Song period, Chicago Criminal Attorney but the foreign traders from the Mongol period must now also comply with these laws and their influence diminishes rapidly. The end of the Ming period saw the emergence of a cash economy based on the money , thanks in large part, to trade with the New World via Spain and Portugal. cheap auto transport The flow of money from the New World was used to pay for Chinese exports of tea, silk and ceramics, Chinese businessmen have found a way to produce a cheaper porcelain to satisfy European markets. However, one can hardly speak of capitalism as the weight of the emerging policy on the economy is important. In Europe, capitalism is supported by the state that sees the bourgeoisie who comes from a new tax base. China has not developed the same level. Hongwu’s reign saw the chiropractic marketing show, however, paper money. But his electric cigarette ignorance of the phenomenon inflation forced him, in 1425 , to reintroduce copper coins, the value of the tickets have been divided by seventy. Control and not the government support the economy and on society as a whole was one of the characteristics of the Ming era. Exacerbated the concentration of power in the hands of emperors less competent is an avenue of explanation advanced by Western historians. Initially, Hongwu kept the “Grand Secretariat” to assist with the immense paperwork. However, Hongwu increasingly concentrated power and in 1380 , abolished the Imperial Secretariat, which had been the main central administrative body for the previous dynasties. The role of prime minister, created to ensure a level of continuity and competence Teacher Clock Hours in the government as incompetent emperors could come and go, was abolished by Hongwu, seeking an absolute authority. Although very competent as a director, Yongle was a series of disastrous policy choices. First, although Hongwu had maintained some Mongol practices such as corporal punishment, to the dismay of Confucian elites who wanted to see him govern by virtue , Yongle exceeded these limits. He gave himself up to the murder of the families of his opponents, and made execute arbitrary thousands. Moreover, free ipad despite Hongwu’s aversion to the eunuchs, his successors revived their informal role in government. Hongwu, in fact, unlike his successors, noted the destructive role of court eunuchs under the Song . Finally, the firm or 100 day loans “general secretariat” of Yongle became a kind of rigid tool for consolidation of power which made it an instrument of decline. If Hongwu himself was generally regarded as a strong emperor the source of power and efficiency imperial that lasted long after his reign, the centralization of authority that he had committed raged under the reign of emperors less competent. End of the Ming Dynasty
At the beginning of the xvii th century , the Ming faced the rebellion of the Manchus : in 1618 , Nurhachi issued a list of seven grievances against the imperial regime, unifying the Jurchen tribes under his banner. U.S. to weight loss pills Mongols , the Manchus conquered the country slowly, gaining buy-in of part of the Ming administration. The Empire is fighting alongside the armies of peasants in revolt, led in particular by Li Zicheng and Zhang wow gold Xianzhong . In 1636 , Huang Taiji for the State adopts the name of the Manchu Qing Grand , leaving the title of Khan for that of Emperor. On 25 April 1644 , the troops of Li custom t shirts Zicheng return to Beijing, while the Emperor Ming Chongzhen committed suicide. Li Zicheng, proclaimed himself emperor, was soon himself defeated by the Qing , who take Beijing and officially claim the succession of the Ming Dynasty. Funerals are held for Ming Chongzhen, to formalize the transfer of Mandate of Heaven . The Ming, however, continue to hold territories in the south, establishing what is referred to by the name of Ming Dynasty in the south (南明). Ming loyalists resisted several years, thanks to military leaders value as Koxinga , which is the island of Taiwan . In 1662 , Zhu Youlang (emperor as the reign of Yongli ), grand-son of Ming Wanli and last Ming pretender, was captured and executed by the Qing, putting an end to the pastry dynasty. The successors of Taiwan Koxinga held until 1683 . A Confucian State
The organization of Chinese society was established in the traditional manner to xvii th century and the system will remain until 1911 . It is a society of orders and classes under the emperor and the dignitaries, judges, the common people and finally the workers to the most vile occupations. Basic education was mainly based on knowledge of Confucian classics and their comments, including that of Zhu Xi . According to the commentator, there is a kind of metaphysical being foolish nor will the cause of the universal law in which all phenomena take place. Man is the most beautiful part of the elements resulting from the species: it is endowed with wisdom, righteousness, sincerity, kindness and convenience, the five Confucian qualities. But the material can influence to his evil inclinations, and he must follow his nature to harmony in the universe, the risk to show the discrepancy. In common life, the universal law was often personified by a vengeful god sometimes and sometimes sympathetic. The political problem of the thinkers of the Ming will be whether to maintain the harmony of man may or may not spontaneously obey the universal law. The school of e cigarette forensic point that the lack of consumer goods to the needs of the people led to a competition between men and therefore the disorder. The rites were very important and part of propriety and rules of conduct. Every man should behave according to social status: a father as a father, a son as a son and engagement ring a leader as such so that there is harmony in society. For respect for the proprieties, Confucians believe that it is best to persuade the people to do good rather than to reprimand those who do evil. Social order is based on merit and virtue, at the head of the company is the emperor who wields his power so hereditary. In the eyes of the people the Emperor and his family have received a mandate from heaven to rule and must prove he is worthy of its virtue. If governments in accordance with the principle of Heaven so he proves his virtue and the people must obey him: he has absolute power in the political sphere.